dolomite canyon death valley

Summaries have been published by Snow and Lux (1999), Calzia and Rm (2000), and Knott et al. The younger age is further confirmed by occurrence of one of the Mesquite Spring tuffs (3.13.35 Ma; numbers 7 and 8 in Fig. Although the mines themselves were worked intermittently until about 1900, there is no clear evidence that the charcoal kilns were operational after 1879. It would appear that, as the southern portion of the San Andreas fault joined up to the northern Gulf of California, the large-scale restraining bend in the San Andreas fault formed by the Mojave Block (Fig. It overlies a 19.8 0.2 Ma (K/Ar age) tuff and is in turn overlain by a 13.7 0.4 Ma (K/Ar age) tuff (Cemen et al., 1999). Further south, a strike-slip fault has been mapped by Zhang et al. This eastward propagation continues today with strike slip in the ECSZ, which will become the full plate boundary if the San Andreas fault ceases activity in western California and the plate boundary continues its eastward migration (Faulds et al., 2005). In this formation, the placoderm Dunkleosteus (a small cladodont) and cochliodont tooth have been found. Natural Bridge Canyon is found on the east side of the park and is one of the few canyons with an official trailhead. The rocks on its exposed and barren ridge are famous for being shaped by wind erosion and are called ventifacts. Figure 6 is a cross section constructed from the data in Figures 2 and 4, approximately along the line illustrated by Hunt and Mabey (1966), profile A in Figures 4 and 5. Itinerary. Dokka and Travis (1990b) favored an initiation age of 106 Ma for the Mojave portion of the ECSZ. Detachment faults (italicized): TDTucki Detachment; EFEmigrant Detachment; HFHarrisburg fault; HCHanaupah Detachment. Der Death-Valley-Nationalpark (Anhren? The remains of a lateral leaf lobe Lyonothamnus mohavensis has been reported from the upper section of this formation. These volcanics were deposited partly on the exhumed detachment surface from the earlier phase of Basin and Range extension. Mosaic Canyon Death Valley Marble Set in Time. The second event began while layered younger Precambrian sediments were being deposited on top of the beveled surface of older metamorphic basement rocks. The Pacific Nitrate Company arrived in 1909 and built a small camp, but left within a few years. The Inyo Mountains, south of the White Mountains, are bounded to the east by the East Inyo fault zone, which links via the Hunter Mountain fault to the Panamint Valley. Streptelasmatid corals: Grewingkia, Bighornia, Brachiopods. The cross section was made by extracting topography from the DEM data (Fig. Contains basalt, alluvial and lacustrine deposits and vertebrate trace fossils in the lacustrine strata (e.g. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Park Service. Rainbow Canyon is a canyon near the western edge of the park. Cross section across Tucki Mountain along profile A in previous location maps. Prior to this time, a thick sedimentary sequence was deposited in what is now the northern Black Mountains, with early sedimentation being mostly volcanics. Goodwin is medium gray to grayish-orange weathering limestone and dolomite, dark-brown weathering chert layers, and distinctive intraclastic limestone conglomerate; contains trilobite and brachiopods fragments, and sparse ooids; base of Goodwin contains Late Cambrian conodonts in the Spring Mountains and souther Sheep Range. From the 1930s through the 1960s the springs provided water for the successful talc mines in the nearby Ibex Hills. Other fossils: foraminifera, coelenterates, solitary/colonial corals, bryozoan, goniatite and orthceroid cephalopods, gastropods, pelecypods, crinoid stems, brachiopods, phillipsid trilobites, an annelid worm, and petrified wood. Events associated with Basin and Range extension occurred in the Miocene to very early Pliocene. Wright et al. *5 Members* The upper member contains conodonts, microgastropod steinkerns, sponge spicules, and fish remains. By far the largest national park in the contiguous United States, more than 90% of Death Valley's 3.3 million acres are protected as a designated Wilderness Area. a. Lacustrine and alluvial fan deposits found throughout the valley surface. a. The Noonday Dolomite has since been tilted from uplift. These sediments are younger than the Copper Canyon Formation, with the 0.77 Ma Bishop tuff (number 3 in Fig. Holocene - Pleistocene In this new interpretation, a detachment surface tracks over the crest of the Panamint Range, rather than underneath the range, and the Black Mountains turtlebacks are megamullion structures formed as a result of strike slip. Scolithus ? 92328, Download the official NPS app before your next visit. Concentrically structured algal ovoids, columnar and branching stromatolites, Girvanella trilobites, and trace fossils of: Planolites, Cruziana, Rusophycus. Mississippian-Pennsylvanian (2002). The small, narrow valley where the creek and falls are located features a rare collection of riparian greenery in the vast desert and is home to indigenous fauna such as quail. Practical Details. c. Quartzite, sandstone, siltstone, shale, and dolomite. 23 Tin Mountain Limestone C. cornicula. Hunt and Mabey (1966) recognized this structure and correlated it with the Amargosa Thrust of Noble (1941). It should be noted that 3 formations have been given unofficial names: Warm Spring Granite, Skidoo Granite, and Strozzis Ranch Rhyolite. Modern geologists have documented four major deformational events that faulted and folded the Amargosa Chaos. Unit exceeds 900 m thick in the Halfpint Range, and is estimated at 2,000 m thick in the Funeral Mountains, only 600 m of unit exposed in Spring Mountains. This page is not available in other languages. The ProterozoicCambrian boundary is within the Wood Canyon Formation (Corsetti and Hagadorn, 2000). the dolomite member contains conical calcareous fossils including metazoan small shelly fossils of Cloudina in another member there are rare occurrences of the trace fossil Planolites. a. These volcanics correlate across Death Valley with the Rhodes Tuff and Sheepshead Andesite in the southern Black Mountains (TC+RT, Fig. It is an endorheic basin that can form a lake after heavy rain. Dips of the flanks of the Panamint Range are shallow, averaging 10. Topography is colored with a nonlinear scale ranging from pale blues below sea level through greens and browns to white of the Sierra Nevada peaks. Four trilobite zones have been identified that span the Lower to Middle Cambrian boundary. To accommodate as many events as possible, the time scale (from Gradstein et al., 2004) is shown with a variable vertical scale, logarithmic from 1000 yr to 1 m.y., then a linear scale from 1 to 5 m.y. This third event folded the layered Precambrian and Cambrian sedimentary rocks. Geology of the Death Valley area, from Workman et al. The kilns were located here as the trees single-leaf pinyon pine (Pinus monophylla) and Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) dominate the landscape in the upper Panamint Mountains. East of Death Valley, the Tecopa Basin (TB, Fig. The depositional base of the oldest of these northern Black Mountains formations, the Artist Drive, is not seen. b. Cambrian Devil's Golf Course can be reached from Badwater Road via a 1.3-mile (2.1km) gravel drive, closed in wet weather. (1987) document 810 km of offset on this fault system. This deformation is associated with the Southern Death Valley strike-slip fault (Dooley and McClay, 1996) and gives a qualitative indication of the large amount of post-1.7 Ma motion there has been on this fault. Another part of salt creek runs with brackish water year-round. The canyon offers a suite of folds on almost all scales and styles to bedazzle the geologically-inclined visitor. 3 Ma, deposition of a thick sequence of volcanics, clastics, and some lacustrine carbonates signaled a period of relative tectonic quiescence, with sediments in some areas covering the exhumed detachment surfaces. Due to their easy access from the road and the overall proximity of Death Valley to Hollywood, these dunes have been used to film sand dune scenes for several movies including films in the Star Wars series. This shear zone developed as a result of the evolving tectonics of western North America, particularly eastward propagation of the boundary between the Pacific and North America plates. In fact it is lithified alluvial sediment. Death Valley National Park is an American national park that straddles the California-Nevada border, east of the Sierra Nevada.The park boundaries include Death Valley, the northern section of Panamint Valley, the southern section of Eureka Valley and most of Saline Valley.The park occupies an interface zone between the arid Great Basin and Mojave deserts, protecting the northwest corner of . (1994) provide an interpretation of eruption volume versus time, which the sawtooth pattern in Figure 3 schematically follows. 74, 1: 376-381, rocks that mysteriously move across its surface, "USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED) 1 meter Downloadable Data Collection from The National Map 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) - National Geospatial Data Asset (NGDA) National Elevation Data Set (NED)", Death Valley National Park Furnace Creek Area (U.S. National Park Service), "Eureka Dunes, Death Valley National Park", "Death Valley Has a Secret Shrine toTea", "Earthquake: 3.2 quake strikes near Teakettle Junction in Death Valley", USGS: Death Valley National Park Virtual Geology Field Trip, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Places_of_interest_in_the_Death_Valley_area&oldid=1150267321, This page was last edited on 17 April 2023, at 05:09. It lies underneath the extensional allochthons on the east side of the range, surfacing along the west side of these allochthons in the east-dipping Harrisburg fault zone mapped by Hodges et al. (2002; Fig. The oldest outcropping basin deposit consists of flat-lying basalt as old as 5.12 Ma (Calzia and Rm, 2000). For the SWNVF, Sawyer et al. Upper and lower third of units consists of interbedded red and brown quartzite, brownish green micaceous siltstone and minor orange-weathering silty dolomite. As discussed earlier, the present-day contact between the Artist Drive Formation and basement of the Badwater surface is faulted, but the geometry shown in this restoration shows that the Artist Drive Formation could have been originally deposited on basement, with faulting seen today a result of postdeposition emergence of the Badwater turtleback. The salt in the Devil's Golf Course consists of the minerals that were dissolved in the lake's water and left behind in the Badwater Basin when the lake evaporated. *2 Members* cemented fan gravel exposed at: Furnace Creek, Artist Drive, Mormon Point, and Emigrant Wash. No fossils found. The last two columns in Figure 3 show tectonic events and interpreted tectonic regimes. 1) developed and has forced deformation to the east, into the ECSZ. *3 Members* In the lower, cherty member there are Halysites, Favosites, Syringopora, rugose corals, articulate brachiopods, conodonts, and crinoid debris. The Paleozoic extensional allochthons are located above this duplex. The west side of the basin shows a steep segment bordering the main basin and a gently dipping surface that joins to the Panamint Range. No fossils reported By night, it's otherworldly. b. Dolomite, with some limestone, at base, shale unit in middle, massive dolomite at top. Much of Salt Creek is usually dry at the surface and covered by a bright layer of salt which was created by many flooding and subsequent evaporation of water that The NevadaCalifornia state line is labeled NV/CA. The canyons of Death Valley National Park are justly famous for their geologic complexity and beauty, and Mosaic Canyon is one of the most beautiful that you can hike on a short trip to the park. Jurassic (134 Ma, 156 Ma, 178 Ma, 182 Ma) The term is applied to large domed structures formed in inside-corner settings at the intersections of spreading centers and transform faults (Tucholke and Lin, 1998). The Basin and Range is characterized by block faulting and, in areas of large-magnitude extension like Death Valley, by exhumation of middle and lower crustal level rocks in core complexes (Davis, 1980; Armstrong, 1982; Stewart, 1998; Dickinson, 2002). The three turtleback structures in the Black Mountains, as pointed out by Miller and Pavlis (2005), are keys to understanding tectonic evolution of the area. b. Cemented gravel, silty and saliferous playa deposits; various salts, especially borates, more than 5,000 feet thick. The Neoproterozoic-Cambrian section in Death Valley consists of (in ascending order) the Pahrump Group (Crystal Spring Formation, Beck Spring Dolomite, and Kingston Peak Formation), the Noonday Dolomite, the Johnnie Formation, the Stirling Quartzite, the Wood Canyon Formation (with the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary), the Zabriskie Quartzite, and part of the Carrara Formation (Nolan, 1924 . The Panamint Range, rather than being a large fault block detached from above the Black Mountains, is a core complex like the northern end of the range at Tucki Mountain. Uplift history of the range is uncertain with present data. The change from Basin and Range extension to strike slip between 8 and 3 Ma seen in the Death Valley region is very close to age ranges of changes in similar tectonic settings seen in several other localities in the ECSZ (Stockli et al., 2003; Faulds et al., 2005; Oldow et al., 2008; Lee et al., 2009; Andrew and Walker, 2009). Abundant large gastropods in massive dolomite at top: Palliseria and Maclurites, associated with Receptaculites. 3), which yields some important constraints on extensional geometry. The first event metamorphosed Death Valley's Precambrian basement rocks and occurred around 1,700 million years ago. In the 1930s, geologist Levi F. Noble studied the faulting and folding in the area, dubbing it the "Amargosa chaos" due to the extreme warping of the rock. Pliocene (3.3 3.5 Ma) Polished marble, chiseled dolomite, and the canyon's namesake mosaic-like fragment formations . There does not appear to be a high-angle fault along the west side of the Panamints. c. Widely exposed in map area. It features megabreccia and other rock formations, petroglyphs, and wildlife of various kinds, including bighorn sheep. Cichanski (2000) suggests that the higher-angle faults are part of the Panamint Valley strike-slip fault. Contains limestone, siltstone, and shale units with the fusilinids Schwagerina and Pseudoschwagerina, solitary corals, bryozoans, and gastropods. Hornblende quartz monzonite with variations. *3 Members* a large, cliff-forming carbonate unit with three members (Dunderberg/Halfpint Members, Smokey Member) basal shale and silty limestone beds of this formation are persistently fossiliferous characterized by trilobites, conodonts, and the brachiopod Linnarssonella - Dunderberg/ Halfpint Members are divided into seven facies and contain sponge Hintzespongia, spicule-like elements of Chancelloria, eocrinoid fragments, lingulid and acrotretid brachiopods, trilobites, and single-element species of paraconodonts and protocondonts - Smokey Membercharacterized by the black and buff colored banded dolomite also contains stromatolites and thrombolites within packstones and grain stones, a dark dolomite above the middle of the Nopah Formation contains small-silicified Trempleauan gastropods, a singular mollusk Matthevia, and trilobites. 37 Noonday Dolomite Syringopora have also been found. (1988a), and Snow and Wernicke (2000). The best Death Valley National Park things to do, from the dunes and Artist's Palette to the Badwater Basin. It takes some time for waves to gnaw away terraces like the ones seen on Shoreline Butte, so these benches provide records of times when the lake level stabilized long enough for waves to leave their mark on the rock. American Scientist. Mostly shale, some limestone, abundant spherical chert nodules. Early + Middle Pleistocene Digital elevation model (DEM) topography of the Death Valley region, from USGS DEM (2009). Toward the end of this episode of tectonic denudation, deposition of the predominantly volcanic Artist Drive Formation began. This age is an important constraint on initiation of Basin and Range extension, as the Bat Mountain Formation is interpreted to have been deposited in a basin formed during the early stages of extension (Cemen et al., 1999). Time: 2.5 - 3 hours, round trip. Death Valley National Park CA, NV Mosaic Canyon Topographic map (600kb PDF) for Mosaic Canyon NPS - Dan Kish Distance: 4 mi (6.4km) out and back, round trip. Booming Dunes: For reasons not yet fully understood, sand sliding down the slipface of a dune can produce booming noises at startling volumes. $85.00. Reviews. The Pahrump Group is found in the western Panamint Range and southern Black Mountains region, in a configuration that Wright et al. (2009) consists of exhumation and normal faulting initiated along the eastern Inyo fault zone (IFZ in Fig. camel, horse, bird, carnivore). These sediments are important recorders of tectonic development of Death Valley, but their chronostratigraphy was poorly known in 1966 because of the mostly endemic fauna in these deposits and limited radiometric age control. The two events responsible for the chaotic appearance of the Amargosa Chaos did not occur until over half a billion years later, during Mesozoic or Early Tertiary time. Extrapolation of measured sedimentary rates in the upper flat-lying section yields an age of between 5 and 7 Ma for the unconformity above the fault blocks, suggesting that Basin and Range extension ceased in the Late Miocene in the Tecopa Basin (Calzia and Rm, 2000). Similar rock travel patterns have been recorded in several other playas in the region but the number and length of travel grooves on The Racetrack are notable. First narrows of Fall Canyon In the northern Black Mountains and Furnace Creek Basin, the Artist Drive, Greenwater, Furnace Creek, and Funeral Formations reach a cumulative 4000 m (Hunt and Mabey, 1966; Greene, 1997; Wright et al., 1999). The ECSZ was originally defined by Dokka and Travis (1990a) based on mapping of strike-slip faults in the Mojave Desert, and included the Death Valley area (i.e., north of the Garlock fault) as its northern limit. * 4 Members* Diatoms and plants give the Miocene age. From Dante's View one can see the central part of Death Valley from a vantage point 5,500 feet (1,700m) above sea level. Dunderberg Shale Member consists of reddish-brown to greenish-brown shale, thin-bedded limestone, and some siltstone; trilobite fragments are common. (2002) and, for the area west of the Panamint Range, from Saucedo et al. Prior to recognition of low-angle extensional faulting in Death Valley, Burchfiel and Stewart (1966), on the basis of the morphology of the valley and occurrence of strike-slip faults, suggested that Death Valley was formed as a strike-slip pull-apart basin, with the basin forming between the Northern Death ValleyFurnace Creek fault to the north and the Southern Death Valley fault zone to the south (Fig. An alternation of shaly and silty members with limestone members transitional between underlying clastic formations and overlying carbonate ones. 1 and 2; Miller and Pavlis, 2005). Breccia is an Italian word meaning gravel. A partial mastodon tusk has been reportedly found in the sedimentary deposits of Lake Rogers. Hidden Valley Dolomite, Lost Burro Formation, and the Tin Mountain Limestone. This phase of deformation coincided with severe crustal stretching that created the deep valleys and high mountains of this part of the Basin and Range Province. Saratoga Springs (.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}354054N 1162525W / 35.68167N 116.42361W / 35.68167; -116.42361[11]) is a desert oasis located in southern Death Valley National Park. Formed of steep cliffs, it is composed of red colored oxidized rocks and is visible from Zabriskie point and the Golden Canyon trail. Massive black dolomite, 400-800 feet thick. A siltstone/shale formation that is exposed in the northern part of Panamint Range in the Tucki Mountain Region. The only fossiliferous bed is shale below limestone member neat middle of formation. Includes many rhyolite and lesser trachyte and comendite masses, many of them associated with calderas. In upper part, gastropods. Cross sections in Figures 6, 8, and 9 are labeled A, B, and C. APAguereberry Point; ARArgus Range; BWBadwater; BMBlack Mountains; CCCopper Canyon; CHConfidence Hills; CMCottonwood Mountains; DPDarwin Plateau; DVDeath Valley; EMEagle Mountain; FMFuneral Mountains; FPFuneral Peak; GMGrapevine Mountains; GRGreenwater Range; HCHanaupah Canyon; HMHunter Mountain; IRInyo Range; KRKingston Range; MPMormon Point; NDFZNorthern Death Valley fault zone; NRNopah Range; PRPanamint Range; PVPanamint Valley; SDFZSouthern Death Valley fault zone; TBTecopa Basin; TCTrail Canyon; TMTucki Mountain; TPTelescope Peak. 4 Mormon Point Formation Extension along the Harrisburg fault (HF, Fig. There are several falls, but they are mainly divided into the upper and lower with a small grotto in between. Stromatolites occur at several localities within the limestone deposits. Dashed line shows inferred location of the detachment fault across the Panamint Range. A prediction of this model is that there is a detachment fault underneath the Panamint Range; this will be addressed later in this paper. 4) and form the crest of the range, just like at Tucki Mountain. The concept illustrated here is that faulting due to strike slip broke and separated the original Basin and Range detachment surface. [7] As sand moves down the dune face it produces a booming noise, known as singing sand phenomenon, due to the small grain size and loose, dry packing. b. No fossils. $14.99. In some places the dolomite has transformed into marble by heat . Locally metamorphosed to subgreenschist to lower greenschist facies south of NTS in Funeral Mountains and Specter Range. This correlation implies 2555 km of post-eruption offset between the two locations, the distance depending on details of how the intervening faults are restored (McKenna and Hodges, 1990). At the canyon mouth water spreads out and deposits its sediment load, gradually building up a large wedge-shaped alluvial fan that extends down toward Stovepipe Wells. Several thin limestone layers near the top of the formation at Quartz Spring are fossiliferous. Scarce fossils. Stewart (1983) proposed that the Panamint Range forms the hanging wall of an extensional system that transported the Panamint Range westward from on top or east of the Black Mountains, with the latter forming the footwall of this extensional system. 4. Running water scoured away at the fault-weakened rock, gradually carving Mosaic canyon. No fossils. 7), probably because this section is the oldest that covers the entire area. In the stratigraphic column, formations from the north and west of the area are on the left so that left to right is equivalent to north and west to south and east. This particular form of desert varnish takes Faults are from the USGS Quaternary faults database (2009). Difficulty: Easy/Moderate. A recent phase of this propagation was opening of the Gulf of California and initiation of the San Andreas fault as the plate boundary at 56 Ma (Lonsdale, 1989; Atwater and Stock, 1998). The Black Mountains were elevated as a result of footwall uplift, with the well-known turtleback structures being megamullions along these bounding faults. Mosaic Canyon: Dolomite! It is intriguing that the ocean megamullion matches fairly well with the shape of the basement surface of the Badwater turtleback. 7 Warm Spring Granite Miller and Pavlis (2005) give an excellent overview of current data and understanding of the turtlebacks. 3) near the top of the beds (Knott et al., 2005). Wildrose Canyon has 2 campgrounds above the kilns, Thorndyke at 7,490 feet and Mahogany Flat at 7923 feet. (1990). Vegetation in the area is sparse, largely confined to hearty sagebrush. Neogene tectonic activity reported by Lee et al. The Bat Mountain Formation is an interlayered conglomerate and sandstone section found at the east end of the Funeral Mountains (Fig. Artist's Palette is an area on the face of the Black Mountains noted for a variety of rock colors. Sand dunes cover 3 square miles (8km2) of Eureka Valley, rising 680 feet (207 m) as one of North America's tallest dunes. Some of these have been expanded or even merged by sandblasting. ), such as Death Valley ephedra (Ephedra funerea), are spaced between them, with other xeric sub-shrubs and native bunchgrasses. 2; Cemen et al., 1999). b. Basal unit is well-bedded quartzite above 1,650 feet thick ' shaly Unit above this 520 feet thick contains lowest olenellids in section; top unit of dolomite and quartzite 400 feet thick. The Death Valley region has played a key role in development of models of Basin and Range extension. The tiny grains of quartz and feldspar that form the sinuous sculptures that make up this dune field began as much larger pieces of solid rock. A few scattered olenellid trilobites and archaeocyathids in upper part of formation. Dashed line shows inferred location of the detachment fault across Tucki Mountain. In just a few million years, during Late Miocene to Pliocene time, older rocks were intensely faulted and sheared. As also discussed earlier, the Panamint Range is a large, almost symmetric anticlinal structure, with no high-angle faults along the western side of the range. (1976). The falls themselves support several small fern gullys. The Late Miocene intrusives consist of the mafic Willow Springs pluton and the felsic Smith Mountain granite. The following list of geologic formations and corresponding ages represents what has been collected in the park and are available for viewing at our curatorial facility. 14 Skidoo Granite Noteworthy among the geologic features of the Death Valley region of eastern California is an extensively exposed accumulation of sedimentary rock and sill-forming diabase, Precambrian in age, as much as 5,500 m thick, and essentially unmetamorphosed. Mostly shale, in part olive brown, in part purple. Fossils include brachiopods, colonial and solitary corals, gastropods, pelmatozoan ossicles, and stromatoporoids. 4). Following a right-hand bend and broader left turn, the canyon further constricts at 1.25 miles, forming orange- and gray-tinted narrows. LCSLittle Chief Stock (10.6 Ma granite; Hodges et al., 1990). Stratigraphic nomenclature for the Proterozoic and Early Paleozoic section of the Death Valley area. Artist's Drive rises up to the top of an alluvial fan fed by a deep canyon cut into the Black Mountains. Varnish does not normally form on carbonate rocks because their surfaces weather too easily. Both the Walker Lane and ECSZ are characterized by north- to northwest-trending topography with active dextral strike-slip and normal faults (Oldow et al., 1994, 2008; Henry et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2009; Dokka and Travis, 1990a, 1990b). In a wash near some of the petroglyphs there is a fault scarp that exposes some fanglomerate which is a type of sedimentary rock which looks like concrete with large rocks intermixed. 35 Stirling Quartzite The Furnace Creek Fault runs through this part of Death Valley. The ghost town of Ballarat had 400 residents at the turn of the 20th century when mines were active in the area. Faults are from the USGS Quaternary faults database. Cichanski (2000) mapped the southern portion of the range front and found generally low-angle faults (dips 1534), with indications that these fault surfaces have been cut by steeper faults, but the vertical offset on these faults is minor.

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