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[119] Others, like Jiang Qing, defend a model in which superiors decide who gets promoted; this method is in line with more traditionalist strands of Confucian political thought, which place a greater emphasis on strict hierarchies and epistemic paternalismthat is, the idea that older and more experienced people know more. [65], Many Confucians also realised that loyalty and filial piety have the potential of coming into conflict with one another. First published Tue Mar 31, 2020. The Master said, "How uncultivated you are, Yu! As a result, this period led to the development of many new philosophies. Based primarily on the Master's sayings, preserved in both oral and written transmissions, it captures the Confucian spirit . Confucianism was not successfully spread by Confucius. Traditionally, cultures and countries in the East Asian cultural sphere are strongly influenced by Confucianism, including China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, as well as various territories settled predominantly by Han Chinese people, such as Singapore and Myanmar's Kokang. Following Dewey's account of democracy as a way of life, he points to the participatory features of his local model: citizens still get to have a democratic lifestyle, participate in political affairs, and be educated as "democratic men". [86], The idea of a "Confucian Church" as the state religion of China has roots in the thought of Kang Youwei, an exponent of the early New Confucian search for a regeneration of the social relevance of Confucianism, at a time when it was de-institutionalised with the collapse of the Qing dynasty and the Chinese empire. Confucianism holds one in contempt, either passively or actively, for failure to uphold the cardinal moral values of rn and y. Zh () is the ability to see what is right and fair, or the converse, in the behaviors exhibited by others. Confucius did not accept the status quo, which held that wealth and power spoke the loudest. In later dynasties, a number of women took advantage of the Confucian acknowledgment of education to become independent in thought. [134] The New Life Movement in the early 20th century was also influenced by Confucianism. Confucian thought focuses on the cultivation of virtue in a morally organised world. the public should not know how officials are selected, since ordinary people are in no position to judge officials beyond the local level. Therefore a superior man considers it necessary that the names he uses may be spoken appropriately, and also that what he speaks may be carried out appropriately. ", Volume I: The Ancient Eurasian World and the Celestial Pivot, Volume II: Representations and Identities of High Powers in Neolithic and Bronze China, Volume III: Terrestrial and Celestial Transformations in Zhou and Early-Imperial China, "The Religiousness of "Confucianism" and the Revival of Confucian Religion in China Today", "Kang Youwei: The Martin Luther of Confucianism and His Vision of Confucian Modernity and Nation", "To Inherit the Ancient Teachings of Confucius and Mencius and Establish Modern Confucianism", "The Civil Theology of Confucius' "Tian" Symbol", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Entry: Confucius, Oriental Philosophy, "Topic:Confucianism", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confucianism&oldid=1152735062, This page was last edited on 2 May 2023, at 00:15. Women in the Teaching of Chinese Religions", "Women Existing for Men: Confucianism and Social Injustice against Women in China", http://yj.nuist.edu.cn/ch/reader/create_pdf.aspx?file_no=20130621&year_id=2013&quarter_id=6&falg=1, "Carrying the Confucian Torch to the Masses: The Challenge of Structuring the Confucian Revival in the People's Republic of China", "Confucius and the Mediums: Is There a "Popular Confucianism"? The scholar Ronnie Littlejohn warns that tin was not to be interpreted as a personal God comparable to that of the Abrahamic faiths, in the sense of an otherworldly or transcendent creator. Mao Zedong tried to suppress Confucianism, a philosophy that guided state and personal behaviour for centuries. [86] The most enthusiastic New Confucians proclaim the uniqueness and superiority of Confucian Chinese culture, and have generated some popular sentiment against Western cultural influences in China. Both the theory and practice of Confucianism have indelibly marked the patterns of government, society, education, and family of East Asia. [130], The French philosopher Voltaire, Leibniz's intellectual rival, was also influenced by Confucius, seeing the concept of Confucian rationalism as an alternative to Christian dogma. Although often grouped with the major historical religions, Confucianism differs from them by not being an organized religion. When proprieties and music do not flourish, punishments will not be properly awarded. While Jiang's model is closer to an ideal theory than Bell's proposals, it represents a more traditionalist alternative. Omissions? Confucianism advocates for the atomization of society through clans. [45] Confucius himself was a ritual and sacrificial master. He found order and understanding in his . The Song dynasty Confucian Cheng Yi stated that: "To starve to death is a small matter, but to lose one's chastity is a great matter. These stories depict how children exercised their filial piety in the past. Li is variously translated as "rite" or "reason", "ratio" in the pure sense of Vedic ta ("right", "order") when referring to the cosmic law, but when referring to its realisation in the context of human social behaviour it has also been translated as "customs", "measures" and "rules", among other terms. In 8.19, he says that the lives of the sages are interwoven with Tin. In Confucianism, the sage or wise is the ideal personality; however, it is very hard to become one of them. [48] Analects 10.11 tells that Confucius always took a small part of his food and placed it on the sacrificial bowls as an offering to his ancestors. Some Confucians proposed that all human beings may pursue perfection by learning and practising li. A key Confucian concept is that in order to govern others one must first govern oneself according to the universal order. The Five Bonds are: ruler to ruled, father to son, husband to wife, elder brother to younger brother, friend to friend. Confucius may have initiated a cultural process known in the West as Confucianism, but he and those who followed him considered themselves part of a tradition, later identified by Chinese historians as the rujia, scholarly tradition, that had its origins two millennia previously, when the legendary sages Yao and Shun created a civilized world through moral persuasion. [87], In 2005, the Center for the Study of Confucian Religion was established,[86] and guoxue started to be implemented in public schools on all levels. To Confucius, the junzi sustained the functions of government and social stratification through his ethical values. [141], For years, many modern scholars have regarded Confucianism as a sexist, patriarchal ideology that was historically damaging to Chinese women. [97], Confucianists historically tried to proselytize to others,[98] although this is rarely done in modern times. In the 16th and the 17th centuries, the earliest European arrivals in China, the Christian Jesuits, considered Confucianism to be an ethical system, not a religion, and one that was compatible with Christianity. . Specific duties were prescribed to each of the participants in these sets of relationships. They also fought wars to enforce the belief system on others and enforce specific versions of it,[98][99] possibly some of the first in religious history done by factions who believed only a single divine being was the primary force driving the world. [157] The Jesuits, including Matteo Ricci, saw Chinese rituals as "civil rituals" that could co-exist alongside the spiritual rituals of Catholicism. The scholar Tu Weiming explains these classics as embodying "five visions" which underlie the development of Confucianism: Confucianism revolves around the pursuit of the unity of the individual self and the God of Heaven (Tin ), or, otherwise said, around the relationship between humanity and Heaven. Confucianism. Li also means religious rites which establish relations between humanity and the gods. In 7.23 Confucius says that he has no doubt left that the Tin gave him life, and from it he had developed right virtue ( d). There is no deity worshipped in Confucianism, though the worship of ancestors and of Confucius himself as a sage master and teacher are practiced. [162][163] But using a broader definition, such as Frederick Streng's characterisation of religion as "a means of ultimate transformation",[164] Confucianism could be described as a "sociopolitical doctrine having religious qualities. [79] The supreme godhead was also identified with the dragon, symbol of unlimited power (qi),[74] of the "protean" primordial power which embodies both yin and yang in unity, associated to the constellation Draco which winds around the north ecliptic pole,[72] and slithers between the Little and Big Dipper. [40] There are such a number of uses in Chinese thought that it is not possible to give one translation into English. In other words, at a minimum, democracy needs Confucian meritocratic checks. It focuses on innate human goodness and the importance of interpersonal human relationships. In Zhou theology, Tian had no singular earthly progeny, but bestowed divine favour on virtuous rulers. The Analects as the embodiment of Confucian ideas, Formation of the classical Confucian tradition, Mencius: The paradigmatic Confucian intellectual, Xunzi: The transmitter of Confucian scholarship, Confucian ethics in the Daoist and Buddhist context, Confucian learning in Jin, Yuan, and Ming, The age of Confucianism: Chosn-dynasty Korea, Tokugawa Japan, and Qing China. Confucius believed that social disorder often stemmed from failure to perceive, understand, and deal with reality. "[57] Confucius also said, "rn is not far off; he who seeks it has already found it." [25], Traditionally, Confucius was thought to be the author or editor of the Five Classics which were the basic texts of Confucianism. [106] Faced with ever-increasing complexity at scale, modern societies must build hierarchies to coordinate collective action and tackle long-term problems such as climate change. Sometimes viewed as a philosophy and sometimes as a religion, Confucianism may be understood as an all-encompassing way of thinking and living that entails ancestor reverence and a profound human-centred religiousness. Become a member. FOUNDED: c. 1050-256 b.c.e. "[71], According to He Guanghu, Confucianism may be identified as a continuation of the Shang-Zhou (~1600256 BCE) official religion, or the Chinese aboriginal religion which has lasted uninterrupted for three thousand years. For them, Confucianism does not have to be premised on the assumption that meritorious, virtuous political leadership is inherently incompatible with popular sovereignty, political equality and the right to political participation. According to China, its Confucius Institute is "a bridge reinforcing friendship" between it and the world. That Confucius admitted students of different classes as disciples is a clear demonstration that he fought against the feudal structures that defined pre-imperial Chinese society. This includes one, St. The junzi (, jnz, "lord's son") is a Chinese philosophical term often translated as "gentleman" or "superior person"[69] and employed by Confucius in the Analects to describe the ideal man. Also, the Hong Kong Confucian Academy, one of the direct heirs of Kang Youwei's Confucian Church, has expanded its activities to the mainland, with the construction of statues of Confucius, Confucian hospitals, restoration of temples and other activities. Robert Eno argues that the term has been "burdened with the ambiguities and irrelevant traditional associations". . The intellectuals of the New Culture Movement of the early twentieth century blamed Confucianism for China's weaknesses. Confucius conceived these qualities as the foundation needed to restore socio-political harmony. By 2040, 28.1% of the Chinese population will be over 60, compared to 12.4% in 2010, according to the UN. By being the "calm center" around which the kingdom turns, the king allows everything to function smoothly and avoids having to tamper with the individual parts of the whole. [15][16] Most Confucianist movements have had significant differences from the original Zhou-era teachings.[17]. By Confuciuss time, however, the feudal ritual system had been so fundamentally undermined that the political crises also precipitated a profound sense of moral decline: the centre of symbolic control could no longer hold the kingdom, which had devolved from centuries of civil war into 14 feudal states. What was happening in China when Confucius lived? It is thought that his pure virtue would lead others to follow his example. [100], Confucianism, despite supporting the importance of obeying national authority, places this obedience under absolute moral principles that curbed the willful exercise of power, rather than being unconditional. Confucianism is a philosophy developed by Master Kong (known more commonly as Confucius) during China's Zhou Dynasty (1045 - 253 BC). The term Confucianism is derived from Confucius, the conventional name for Master Kong, the most revered sage of this religious tradition. "[32], Confucianism conciliates both the inner and outer polarities of spiritual cultivation, that is to say self-cultivation and world redemption, synthesised in the ideal of "sageliness within and kingliness without". Confucianism is one of the most influential religious philosophies in the history of China, and it has existed for over 2,500 years. Spotlight on Other Religions The "other religions" category is diverse and comprises all groups not classified elsewhere. Bell and Wang favour a system in which officials at the local level are democratically elected and higher-level officials are promoted by peers. Confucianism, a Western term that has no counterpart in Chinese, is a worldview, a social ethic, a political ideology, a scholarly tradition, and a way of life. Meanwhile, Islam promotes the unity of Muslims regardless of ethnicity or familial ties, creating an environment of extremely extroverted people. [44] This is shown in the story where Duke Jing of Qi asks Confucius about government, by which he meant proper administration so as to bring social harmony. How many Confucianism followers are there worldwide? The research was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, CINHAL, PsycINFO and Web of Science, without restrictions of language and year of publication. They hold the power to define the hierarchy of divinities, by bestowing titles upon mountains, rivers and dead people, acknowledging them as powerful and therefore establishing their cults. The petty person is egotistic and does not consider the consequences of his action in the overall scheme of things. [64] The famous thinker Huang Zongxi also strongly criticised the autocratic nature of the imperial system and wanted to keep imperial power in check. [155] More recently, some scholars have also begun to discuss the viability of constructing a "Confucian feminism". Such efforts effectively expanded the Malthusian limits to population growth in preindustrial China, even in the absence of productivity gains. These are accompanied by the classical Sz (), that singles out four virtues, one of which (Y) is included among the Five Constants: There are still many other elements, such as chng (; , honesty), sh (, kindness and forgiveness), lin (, honesty and cleanness), ch (; , shame, judge and sense of right and wrong), yng (, bravery), wn (; , kind and gentle), ling (, good, kindhearted), gng (, respectful, reverent), jin (; , frugal), rng (; , modestly, self-effacing). [124] These thinkers accuse the meritocrats of overestimating the flaws of democracy, mistaking temporary flaws for permanent and inherent features, and underestimating the challenges that the construction of a true political meritocracy poses in practiceincluding those faced by contemporary China and Singapore. Between 742 and 1200, the population of north China grew by 58 percent, while it doubled or tripled in the south. [157], By the early 18th century, this initial portrayal was rejected by the Dominicans and Franciscans, creating a dispute among Catholics in East Asia that was known as the "Rites Controversy". Confucianism Though not formally recognized as a religion by the Chinese government, Confucianism has had an undeniable impact on Chinese history and culture since its conception by the Chinese philosopher Confucius around 479 BC. The appeal to cultural values and social norms for the maintenance of interstate as well as domestic order was predicated on a shared political vision, namely, that authority lies in universal kingship, heavily invested with ethical and religious power by the mandate of heaven (tianming), and that social solidarity is achieved not by legal constraint but by ritual observance. Loyalty (, zhng) is particularly relevant for the social class to which most of Confucius's students belonged, because the most important way for an ambitious young scholar to become a prominent official was to enter a ruler's civil service. In a much-discussed passage, women are grouped together with xiaoren (, literally "small people", meaning people of low status or low moral) and described as being difficult to cultivate or deal with. The. In every case, Confucian meritocrats draw on China's extensive history of meritocratic administration to outline the pros and cons of competing methods of selection. [138] Leftists during the Cultural Revolution described Confucius as the representative of the class of slave owners. The same is true with the husband and wife relationship where the husband needs to show benevolence towards his wife and the wife needs to respect the husband in return. In this set of flashcards, you will learn about the long and fascinating history of one Asia's most major religions: Confucianism. Confucianism would also benefit from participation in such a dialogue; according to Tu, "If the well-being of humanity is its central concern, Confucian humanism in the third epoch cannot afford to be confined to East Asian culture. Rn (Chinese: ) is the Confucian virtue denoting the good feeling a virtuous human experiences when being altruistic. [108] As Bell puts it, he defends "democracy at the bottom, experimentation in the middle, and meritocracy at the top. Confucianism, the way of life propagated by Confucius in the 6th5th century bce and followed by the Chinese people for more than two millennia. There are approximately 6.1 million followers of Confucianism worldwide. While the lower house does not have any legislative power per se, it acts as a popular accountability mechanism by championing the people and putting pressure on the upper house. Some critics view Confucianism as definitely pantheistic and nontheistic, in that it is not based on the belief in the supernatural or in a personal god existing separate from the temporal plane. A virtuous commoner who cultivates his qualities may be a "gentleman", while a shameless son of the king is only a "petty person". They argue that voters tend to act in irrational, tribal, short-termist ways; they are vulnerable to populism and struggle to account for the interests of future generations. Starting in 2000, the US Religion Census began to make religious diversity a priority, trying to go beyond the major denominations to count . While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The scholar Yao Xinzhong allows that there are good reasons to believe that Confucian classics took shape in the hands of Confucius, but that "nothing can be taken for granted in the matter of the early versions of the classics". You will learn about the central elements of Confucian religion . Social harmony or morality is identified as patriarchy, which is expressed in the worship of ancestors and deified progenitors in the male line, at ancestral shrines. Such duties are also extended to the dead, where the living stand as sons to their deceased family. Li (; ) is a classical Chinese word which finds its most extensive use in Confucian and post-Confucian Chinese philosophy. RELIGION AS A PERCENTAGE OF WORLD POPULATION: 0.1 percent OVERVIEW. Partly because of the vitality of the feudal ritual system and partly because of the strength of the royal household itself, the Zhou kings were able to control their kingdom for several centuries. Though closer to a philosophy than a true religion, Confucianism was a way of life for ancient Chinese people, and it continues to influence Chinese culture today. Kim said that filial piety is one-sided and blind, and if it continues, social problems will continue as government keeps forcing Confucian filial obligations onto families. Jiang Qing, by contrast, imagines a tricameral government with one chamber selected by the people (the House of the Commoners ), one chamber composed of Confucian meritocrats selected via examination and gradual promotion (the House of Confucian Tradition ), and one body made up of descendants of Confucius himself (The House of National Essence ). [109], Bell, Wang, and Bai all criticize liberal democracy to argue that government by the people may not be government for the people in any meaningful sense of the term. [43] Rather it is similar to what Taoists meant by Dao: "the way things are" or "the regularities of the world",[40] which Stephan Feuchtwang equates with the ancient Greek concept of physis, "nature" as the generation and regenerations of things and of the moral order. [44] However, Confucianism does venerate many aspects of nature[16] and also respects various dao. [112] In his account, the exams select for intellect and other virtuesfor instance, the ability to argue three different viewpoints on a contentious issue may indicate a certain degree of openness. Confucianism, also known as Ruism or Ru classicism,[1] is a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China, and is variously described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or a way of life. The Master said, "He who exercises government by means of his virtue may be compared to the north polar star, which keeps its place and all the stars turn towards it.". John C. Didier and David Pankenier relate the shapes of both the ancient Chinese characters for Di and Tian to the patterns of stars in the northern skies, either drawn, in Didier's theory by connecting the constellations bracketing the north celestial pole as a square,[77] or in Pankenier's theory by connecting some of the stars which form the constellations of the Big Dipper and broader Ursa Major, and Ursa Minor (Little Dipper). If names be not correct, language is not in accordance with the truth of things. Despite its literal meaning, any righteous man willing to improve himself may become a junzi. Confucianism regards texts such as the Five Classics as examples that should be followed to increase the harmony of the family, social order as a whole, and the world. Although the earliest dynasty confirmed by archaeology is the Shang dynasty (18th12th century bce), the historical period that Confucius claimed as relevant was much earlier. Ren is fundamental to become a junzi.[70]. This is because reciprocity is demanded from the superior as well. (1985), p. 2, Three Fundamental Bonds and Five Constant Virtues, 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188356.001.0001, "Asia's Rise Is Rooted in Confucian Values", "Confucianism and Ecology: Potential and Limits", "Biases and Their Sources: Qin History in the "Shiji", "Heaven, Earth, Sovereign, Ancestors, Masters: Some Remarks on the Politico-Religious in China Today", "Swastika: The Forgotten Constellation Representing the Chariot of Mithras", "The Invention of Indonesian Confucianism", "Dao, Harmony and Personhood: Towards a Confucian Ethics of Technology", "Cultural Dynamics in China: Today and in 2020", The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation, "The Confucius Connection: From Cultural Roots to Economic Growth", "Why East Asia overtook Latin America: Agrarian reform, industrialisation and development", "Daughter/Wife/Mother or Sage/Immortal/Bodhisattva? Confucianism is the way of life propagated by Confucius in the 6th5th century BCE and followed by the Chinese people for more than two millennia. In addition, loyalty does not mean subservience to authority. Later, Zhu Xi defined junzi as second only to the sage. She stresses the complementarity and equal importance of the male and female roles according to yin-yang theory, but she clearly accepts the dominance of the male. [81] Chinese thinkers, faced with this challenge to legitimacy, diverged in a "Hundred Schools of Thought", each proposing its own theories for the reconstruction of the Zhou moral order. Religious Landscape Study. The population had lost faith in the official tradition, which was no longer perceived as an effective way to communicate with Heaven. What will you consider the first thing to be done?" When actual, the king's personal virtue (de) spreads beneficent influence throughout the kingdom. The followers of the Buddhist religion accounts for 6% of the population. About 7% of the world's population are true Confucianism followers. [89], Other forms of revival are salvationist folk religious movements[90] groups with a specifically Confucian focus, or Confucian churches, for example the Yidan xuetang () of Beijing,[91] the Mengmutang () of Shanghai,[92] Confucian Shenism ( Rzng Shnjio) or the phoenix churches,[93] the Confucian Fellowship ( Rjio Dotn) in northern Fujian which has spread rapidly over the years after its foundation,[93] and ancestral temples of the Kong kin (the lineage of the descendants of Confucius himself) operating as Confucian-teaching churches.[92]. In the New Culture Movement, Lu Xun criticised Confucianism for shaping Chinese people into the condition they had reached by the late Qing dynasty: his criticisms are expressed metaphorically in the work "Diary of a Madman", in which traditional Chinese Confucian society is portrayed as feudalistic, hypocritical, socially cannibalistic, despotic, fostering a "slave mentality" favouring despotism, lack of critical thinking and blind obedience and worship of authority, fuelling a form of "Confucian authoritarianism" which persists into the present day. He had faith in the cumulative power of culture. Disillusioned with the culture, opposing scholars, and religious authorities of the time, he began to preach an ethical interpretation of traditional Zhou religion. Another meaning of rn is "not to do to others as you would not wish done to yourself. Roger T. Ames and Henry Rosemont, Jr.. Two of the most influential of these philosophies were Confucianism and Daoism. Confucianism is a philosophy developed in 6th-century BCE China, which is considered by some a secular-humanist belief system, by some a religion, and by others a social code. [44], Confucian ethical codes are described as humanistic. In 17.19 Confucius says that tin spoke to him, though not in words. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.

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