family dysfunction schizophrenia tutor2u

They involve modifying/interfering with the action of neurotransmitters, in order to increase (agonists) or decrease (antagonists) their activity. A strength of the cognitive explanation is that it has practical applications. less effect on movement (2008) found that antipsychotics are generally effective for at least one year, but second- generation drugs were no more effective than first-generation ones. The idea of pleasing her, shows that he does want to make . Yellowless et al. B: behavior how do you react in these situations ? The reason for this is because if the individual does have large ventricles then does it really mean that they will develop schizophrenia? Schizophrenia 16-marker Plans (AQA A Level Psychology) Description AQA A Level Schizophrenia: 16-marker plans for the explanations and treatments of schizophrenia aqa a level psychology schizophrenia a2 psychology aqa a level psychology- 16-mark question plans as level Note by Grace Fawcitt, updated more than 1 year ago 2915 8 0 Resource summary Helping the patient to find logical reasons for the things which trouble them Further support comes from the fact that dopamine agonists (e.g. The schizophrenic twin generally had more enlarged ventricles and a reduced anterior hypothalamus. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Pharoah identified examples of how family therapy works: It helps family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual and maintaining their own lives, it reduces anger and guilt, it improves their ability to anticipate and solve problems and forms a therapeutic alliance. In addition, they can then predict the outcome of the disorder and suggest related treatment to help the patient. The legality of this has been challenged, and the use of token economies has declined as a result. Saul Mcleod, Ph.D., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years experience of working in further and higher education. Since their are problems with the validity of diagnois classification, unsuitable treatment may be administered, sometimes on an involuntary Evidence suggests that the closer the biological relationship, the greater the risk of developing schizophrenia. Of these, only 1 study showed improvement in symptoms and behavioural change in patients. This demonstrates the high reliability of the clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia using up-to-date classification. More receptors lead to more firing and an over production of messages. Kendler (1985) has shown that first-degree relatives of those with schizophrenia are 18 times more at risk than the general population. Culture One of the biggest controversies in relation to classification and diagnosis is to do with cultural relativism and variations in diagnosis. To stabilize the social authority of the doctor and the family. including dysfunctional thought processing. It is therefore prescribed when the patient is at risk of suicide. Diagnosis of schizophrenia is difficult as the practitioner has no physical signs but only symptoms (what the patient reports) to make a decision on. Hickling (1999) the stress of urban living made African-Carribean immigrants in Britain 8 to 10 times more likely to experience schizophrenia. Medication can be taken as pills, syrups or injections, and may be taken over a short or long-term. Desirable behavior includes self-care, taking medication, work skills, and treatment participation. Pharaoh et al. They may or may not treat the illness as well as clozapine, however. Large doses of amphetamine given to people with no history of psychological disorders produce behavior which is very similar to paranoid schizophrenia. ', In a study of communication, researchers used a language rating scale to compare two groups of participants. Bateson et al. The understanding and treatment of schizophrenia have been greatly hampered by uncertainty about etiological factors and controversy about diagnostic boundaries. Slater & Roth (1969) say that hallucinations are the least important of all the symptoms, as they are not exclusive to schizophrenic people. Simply Scholar Ltd. 20-22 Wenlock Road, London N1 7GU, 2023 Simply Scholar, Ltd. All rights reserved, Section 1 Diagnosis and Classification of Schizophrenia, Section 2 Biological Explanations for Schizophrenia, Section 3 Psychological Explanations for Schizophrenia, Section 4 Drug Therapy typical and atypical antipsychotics, Section 5 Psychological Therapies for Schizophrenia, Effective use of terminology (use the technical terms). 2. In a token economy, tokens are given to reward people in psychiatric institutions for performing socially desirable behaviours, the aim being to encourage self-care. CSE aims to teach individuals to develop and apply effective coping strategies which will reduce the frequency, intensity and duration of psychotic symptoms and alleviate the accompanying distress. Double bind is based on clinical observation the patients and early evidence involved assessing the personality of the mothers for 'crazy-making' characterists. For example Hogarty (1991) produced a type of therapy session, which reduced social conflicts between parents and their children which reduced EE and thus relapse rates. AQA maintains that 16-mark questions, or indeed, extended writing questions of other tariffs, could be asked on any part of any topic. This is evidence that the higher the degree of genetic relativeness, the higher the risk of getting schizophrenia. One criticism of the dopamine hypothesis is there is a problem with the chicken and egg. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. Visual - Evaluation of the icd and dsm as tools to diagnose schizophrenia 2. Cochrane (1977) reported that the incidence of schizophrenia in the West Indies and the UK is 1 %, but that people of Afro-Caribbean origin are seven times more likely to be diagnosed as schizophrenic when living in the UK. Jakobsen et al. Cultural bias African Americans and those of Afro-carribean descent are more likely to be diagnosed than their white counterparts but diagnostic rates in Africa and the West Indies is low Western over diagnosis is a result of cultural norms and the diagnosis lacks validity. Second, cognitive biases are present when people notice, pay attention to, or remember certain types of information better than other. Hallucinations are usually auditory or visual perceptions of things that are not present. Effectively means that it needs to be clearly linked and explained in the context of the answer. [6 marks], ethical problems - parents feel responsible for their child's illness causing even greater stress and anxiety. desire): in which a person becomes totally apathetic and sits around waiting for things to happen. (1988) has found a gene located on chromosome 5 which has been linked in a small number of extended families where they have the disorder. Both aspect of diathesis-stress must be present to develop the disorder. Where two conditions are frequently diagnosed together it calls into question the . Paul and Lentz (1977) Token economy led to better overall patient functioning and less behavioral disturbance, More cost-effective (lower hospital costs). Concordance rates are never 100% which suggests that environmental factors must also play a role in the development of SZ. disputing techniques. Just challenging the dysfunctional thoughts through disputing may not be enough to change them if the thoughts have a biological basis. Token economies aim to manage schizophrenia rather than treat it. Falloon et al (1996) stress such as divorce or bereavement, causes the brain to be flooded with neurotransmitters which brings on the acute episode. Newer drugs, called atypical antipsychotics attempt to target D2 dopamine activity in the limbic system but not D3 receptors in other parts of the brain. A second weakness of the cognitive model is that it is reductionist. Objectives: To compare social skills in patients with schizophrenia classified according the degree of treatment response and severity of psychopathology with normative controls by using the Del Prette Social Skills Inventory (SSI). They assumed the bogus patients were schizophrenic with no real evidence. double-bind, high expressed emotion - . (1972) described how a child may be regularly trapped in situations where they fear doing the wrong thing, but receive mixed messages about what counts as wrong. Gender bias is also an issue as the mother tends to be blamed the most, which means such research is highly socially sensitive. Laing and others rejected the medical / biological explanation of mental disorders. The severity of the side-effects is a weakness as patients will be reluctant to take them, or may even die as a result of the effect. Gottesman (1991) has found that schizophrenia is more common in the biological relatives of a schizophrenic, and that the closer the degree of genetic relatedness, the greater the risk. Therefore there is no need to feel stressed or ashamed about them. (2002) developed a machine that produced virtual hallucinations, such as hearing the television telling you to kill yourself or one persons face morphing into anothers. Research by Miyakawa et al. This suggests that there may be problems of demand characteristics. Classification and diagnosis does have advantages as it allows doctors to communicate more effectively about a patient and use similar terminology when discussing them. (Total 4 marks) 12 Describe and evaluate biological explanations for schizophrenia. They arrest dopamine production by blocking the D2 receptors in synapses that absorb dopamine, in the mesolimbic pathway thus reducing positive symptoms, such as auditory hallucinations. This will not get rid of the symptoms of schizophrenia but it can make patients better able to cope with them. DSM) should arrive at the same diagnosis for the same individual. [4 marks], a) this study is about differences between two conditions/groups so the Mann-Whitney is appropriate it is not about correlation/relationship between two variables so Spearman's is not appropriate. This suggests that there is a problem of the chicken and egg scenario in relation to expressed emotion causing schizophrenia. Prolonged exposure to such interactions prevents the development of an internally coherent construction of reality; in the long run, this manifests itself as typically schizophrenic symptoms such as flattening affect, delusions and hallucinations, incoherent thinking and speaking, and in some cases paranoia. Fox (1990): It is more likely that factors associated with living in poorer conditions (e.g. Therapists may use logical (does it make sense? Economic Benefits: Family therapy is highly cost effective because it reduces relapse rates, so the patients are less likely to take up hospital beds and resources. A nationwide Finnish sample of schizophrenics' offspring given up for adoption was compared blindly with matched controls, who were adopted offspring of non-schizophrenic biological parents. MZ twins may have the same genetic vulnerability but can be triggered by different stressors. For men the figure was 59%. Refer to evidence in youranswer. It is also important to note that two-thirds of people with schizophrenia have no relative with a similar diagnosis and therefore have no one to inherit it from. Schizophrenics returning to such a family were more likely to relapse into the disorder than those returning to a family low in EE. For the classification system to be valid it should be meaningful and classify a real pattern of symptoms, which result from a real underlying cause. A dysfunctional family is one that has at its core destructive and harmful parenting and a lack of concern for the child. Comorbidity occurs because the symptoms of different disorders overlap. 214 High Street, (Total 16 marks) Tienari Et. McMonagle and Sultana (2000) reviewed token economy regimes over a 15-year period, finding that they did reduce negative symptoms, though it was unclear if behavioral changes were maintained beyond the treatment programme. ), empirical (where is the evidence?) 806 8067 22 System overlap refers to the way that disorders have shared symptoms. Voices are usually heard coming from outside the persons head giving instructions on how to behave. Reliability is the level of agreement on the diagnosis by different psychiatrists across time and cultures; stability of diagnosis over time given no change in symptoms. In London the rate remained at 20%, suggesting neither group had a valid definition of schizophrenia. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. For example, Ripke et al. Combining treatments is most common in the UK, although it is also sometimes used in the USA. If there is more than one individual in the scenario you must mention all of the characters to get to the top band. Neural correlates are patterns of structure or activity in the brain that occur in conjunction with schizophrenia. However they do not cure schizophrenia, rather they dampen symptoms down so that patients can live fairly normal lives in the community. The aim in modern forms of this therapy is to reduce the stress in the family environment so preventing relapse. Book now . Individual differences EE is associated with relapse but not all patients who live in high EE families relapse and not all patients in low EE families avoid relapse Family dysfunction is an incomplete explanation for schizophrenia. The technique alleviates negative symptoms such as poor motivation, and nurses subsequently view patients more positively, which raises staff morale and has beneficial outcomes for patients. Pathophysiology, evaluation and treatment of erectile dysfunction: review article Andrey Biff Sarris 1 , Maki Caroline Nakamura 1 Luiz Gustavo Rachid Fernandes 1 , Autopsies have found that there are generally a large number of dopamine receptors (Owen et al., 1987) and there was an increase in the amount of dopamine in the left amygdale (falkai et al. However, biological factors must have had a role to play as none of the adoptees with no family history of schizophrenia from disturbed families developed schizophrenia, Boston House, This suggests that if this research was tested and re-tested the same results would be achieved. tutor2u is the leading support service for A-Level, GCSE, BTEC and IB students and teachers preparing for assessments, mocks and final exams. This has the effect of reducing dopamine production, and reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations. Since the mid-1950s antipsychotic medications have greatly improved treatment. Getting dressed, tokens (in the form of coloured discs) are given immediately as secondary reinforcers which can be exchanged for rewards eg. CBT does seem to reduce relapses and readmissions to hospital (NICE 2014). This creates problems of reliability. B.A., History and Educational Psychology, University of Exeter. Thought disorder in which there are breaks in the train of thought and the person appears to make illogical jumps from one topic to another (loose association). 806 8067 22, Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, psychological explanation for schizophrenia, psychological explanations for schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - SS2 - Explanations - Socio-Cultural - Research, I need help on this A Level AQA psychology 16 marker please , A-Level Psychology Revision Tips and Tricks , comparing biological explanation of SZ with family dysfunction , Family dysfunction model of schizophrenia , aqa alevel psychology paper 3 2022 predictions? Another form of CBT: Coping Strategy Enhancement (CSE). Turkington et al. an excess or distortion of normal functions: including hallucinations and delusions. The NICE review of family therapy studies demonstrated that it was associated with significant cost savings when offered to patients alongside the standard care Relapse rates are also lower which suggests the savings could be even higher. Ventricles are fluid filled cavities (i.e. Research suggests that these delusions are associated with specific biases in reasoning about and explaining social situations. Atypical antipsychotic drugs work on negative symptoms, improving mood, cognitive functions and reducing depression and anxiety. . It is also used as a basis for the ICD (International Classification of Diseases) used by the World Health Organisation in classifying all disorders (mental and physical). Adoption studies have helped clarify both of these problems. The researchers concluded that this is more important in maintaining schizophrenia than in causing it in the first place, (Brown et al 1958). Patients can receive different treatments for their SZ which will be more effective. If diagnosis leads to successful treatment, the diagnosis can be seen as valid. One of the most important cognitive theories of schizophrenia is attention deficit theory. The descriptions follow the same criteria; however you have to use the issues and debates effectively in your answers. Read the model answers to get a clearer idea of what is needed. Boston Spa, This means that the brains of schizophrenics are lighter than normal. This suggests that one needs to be careful when establishing cause and effect relationships in schizophrenic patients. Social behavior depends, in part, on using other peoples actions as clues for understanding what they might be thinking. Delusions: The most common delusion that people diagnosed with schizophrenia report is that others are trying to harm or kill them delusions of persecution. In most cases the original typical antipsychotics have more side effects, so if the exam paper asks for two biological therapies you can write about typical anti-psychotics and emphasise the side effects, then you can write about the atypical antipsychotics and give them credit for having less side effects. McMonagle and Sultana (2009) found in a meta-analysis of 110 studies, that only 3 had used random allocation (where a true comparison was available with an experimental and control group). This means it cannot be used to treat schizophrenia by itself. Eg. Note: you may come across the terms DSM-IV and ICD-10. Parents who have already suffered their child going through the dis-order and have to look after them with care go into more trauma by being blamed for the condition. To improve how the family communicated and handled the situation. Berger (1965), however this evidence may be unreliable because the patients recall may be effected by the dis-order e.g. Therefore, CBT has potential ethical issues. In a follow up study they rejected genuine patients whom they assumed were part of the deception. There is other evidence to support difficult family relationships in childhood are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia in adulthood. With these particular questions there is a sizeable risk that people dont understand the difference between the questions, and then write about the wrong thing. It also seems to be aetiologically heterogeneous as different studies have identified different candidate genes. Antipsychotic drugs (drugs used to reduce the intensity of the symptoms) are the most common treatment for schizophrenia. (2004): Adopted children from families with schizophrenia had more chance of developing the illness than children from normal families. Read et al (2005) reviewed 46 studies of child abuse and schizophrenia and found concluded that 69% of adult women in-patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia had a physical abuse, sexual abuse or both during their childhood. Twenty-six of forty patients (65.0%) were taking haloperidol and 14 (35.0%) chlorpromazine. Pharoah identified examples of how family therapy works: It helps family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual and maintaining their own lives, it reduces anger and guilt, it improves their ability to anticipate and solve problems and forms a therapeutic alliance. Lengthy It takes months compared to drug therapy that takes weeks which leads to disengaged treatment as they dont see immediate effects A patient who is very distressed and perhaps suicidal may benefit better in the short term from antipsychotics. Assessment: The therapist encourages the patient to explain their concerns. Schizophrenia seems to be polygenic, as a number of genes have been implicated. Problems of validity: Are we really testing what we think we are testing? Information transfer teaching the patient and the family the actual facts about the illness, its causes, the influence of drug abuse, and the effect of stress and guilt. The researchers found that the males had a genetic condition which became later known as "Brunner syndrome" (it is important to note that females only carry this condition, as it only affects the MAOA production gene on the single X chromosome in males). use a different sampling method, such as random or systematic OR a sample of people with schizophrenia who do not go to a self-help group. MZ twins share 100% of their genes, compared to DZ twins who only share 50% of their genes, so this suggests that genes must have some influence on the development of schizophrenia. The original dopamine hypothesis stated that schizophrenia suffered from an excessive amount of dopamine. Schizophrenogenic mother: Proposed by Fromm-Reichmann (1948), who noted that many of her patients with schizophrenia described a particular type of parent, which she termed 'schizophrenogenic'. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter. For the classification system to be reliable, differfent clinicians using the same system (e.g. Due to the pivotal role of dopamine in schizophrenia this led to a culture of heavy smoking an nicotine addiction in psychiatric hospitals of the era. It is not clear which comes first. This suggests that understanding the effects of cognitive deficits allows psychologists to create new initiatives for schizophrenics and improve the quality of their lives. This suggests that there are problems with the chicken and egg problem. Central idea: Patients problems are based on incorrect beliefs and expectations. The differences were so large the schizophrenic twins could be easily identified from the brain images in 12 out of 15 pairs. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. 3. Briefly outline family dysfunction as an explanation for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness where contact with reality and insight are impaired, an example of psychosis. 1. a group of people related by blood or marriage or a strong common bond, such as those descended from a common ancestor, or a husband, wife, and their children.

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